Terrorist Attacks and Investor Risk Preference: Evidence from Mutual Fund Flows with Albert Wang. Journal of Financial Economics, 2020, 137(3), 491-514.
Abstract: Using a comprehensive list of terrorist attacks over three decades, we find that aggregate investor risk preference relates inversely to the terrorism level in the US. A one standard deviation increase in the number of attacks each month leads to a $75.09 million drop in aggregate flows to equity funds and a $56.81 million increase to government bond funds. The change in risk preference depends on the likelihood that investors are experiencing depressive moods and the risk level of funds. Tests on investor sentiment and market volatility suggest that increased risk aversion most likely drives decreases in aggregate risk preference.
Mood, Attention, and Household Trading: Evidence from Terrorist Attacks with Albert Wang. Journal of Financial Markets, 2023, 66, 100858.
Abstract: Using two sources of household data, we show that in response to psychological distress induced by terrorist attacks, households significantly reduce their trading activity and equity ownership, are less likely to enter the market, and increase the value of their savings accounts. We find that the effects of attacks are stronger in months with more casualties and increased news coverage, as well in households with a male head and in those located in the same state as the attack. Further tests on security selection suggest that our findings are consistent with risk shifting and inattention as implied by an anxiety-based utility model.
Phantom of the Opera: ETFs and Shareholder Voting with Richard Evans, Rabih Moussawi and Oğuzhan Karakaş
Forthcoming at Management Science
Abstract: The short-selling of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) creates “phantom” ETF shares with cash flows rights but no associated voting rights. Both regular and phantom ETF shares trade at ETF market prices. However, while regular shares are backed by the underlying securities of the ETF and voted as directed by the sponsor, phantom shares are backed by collateral that is not voted. Introducing a novel measure of phantom shares both of the ETF and corresponding underlying securities, we find that increases in phantom shares are associated with (i) decreases in number of proxy votes cast (for and against), (ii) increases in broker non-votes, and (iii) increases in the vote premium over the voting record date for important votes for the underlying stocks of the ETF. Consistent with poor governance, firms with the highest proportion of phantom shares underperform.
Featured on the Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance
Hiding in Plain Sight: The Global Implications of Manager Disclosure with Richard Evans and Miguel Ferreira
Abstract: Using a comprehensive sample, we examine global variation in the disclosure of mutual fund manager identities. 11% of mutual funds do not disclose their management teams. Anonymously managed funds underperform those with named managers and are less likely to deviate from their benchmarks. Exploiting changes in SEC disclosure regulations, performance comparisons of anonymous twin funds, and patterns of anonymous manager allocation within fund families, we find that underperformance reflects both lower effort by skilled managers who remain anonymous and the concealment of less skilled managers. Our findings highlight disclosure as a critical mechanism for aligning incentives and improving fund performance
Featured on the Columbia Law School Blue Sky Blog
Nationalism, Subtle Bias, and Labor Outcomes: Evidence from Global Mutual Funds with Richard Evans
Abstract: We examine bias against ethnically diverse employees using data on 13,000 mutual fund managers from 105 nationalities across 30 countries. Managers perform worse in teams with greater genetic distance or past conflicts between home countries. Terrorist attacks linked to a manager’s nationality also harm team performance. Ethnically diverse managers are 12% less likely to be promoted and more likely to exit the industry, especially in more nationalistic countries. Using a shift-share instrument based on OECD migration data, we confirm these effects. Our findings highlight how ethnic diversity interacts with bias and conflict in shaping career outcomes and team performance.
Are Investors Misled by non-GAAP Expense Exclusions Used to Beat Analysts’ Earnings Forecasts? with Chris McCoy, Tom Lopez and Gary Taylor
Abstract: We investigate whether investors are misled by firms that exclude particular expenses in calculating non-GAAP earnings in order to beat analysts’ earnings forecasts. Our empirical analyses suggest that firms that pursue a strategy of non-GAAP reporting to beat analysts’ earnings forecasts not only avoid the market penalty normally assessed to firms that miss expectations, they are rewarded by the market. However, when we examine the future performance of these firms we find that they subsequently perform similar to firms that miss expectations. Further, our persistence tests suggest that non-GAAP expense exclusions used to beat forecasts exhibit persistence that is indistinguishable from the persistence of non-GAAP earnings. Taken together, our evidence strongly suggests that at least some investors are misled by the use of non-GAAP expense exclusions.
Works in Progress
Bond Index Investing: Strategies and Pitfalls with Caitlin Dannhauser, Michele Dathan and Qifei Zhu
Friend or Foe: Information Transmission and Competition among Mutual Fund Managers with Jun Huang, Albert Wang, Endian Yan